1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a) General

Johns Hopkins University is a private, nonprofit institution that provides education and related services to students and others, research and related services to sponsoring organizations and professional medical services to patients. The University is based in Baltimore, Maryland, but also maintains facilities and operates education programs elsewhere in Maryland, in Washington, D.C. and, on a more limited scale, in certain foreign locations.

Education and related services (e.g., room, board, etc.) are provided to approximately 18,200 students, including 9,400 full-time students and 8,800 part-time students, and produce about 12% of the University's operating revenues. The full-time students are divided about equally between graduate level (including postdoctoral) and undergraduate level. Students are drawn from a broad geographic area, including most of the states in the United States and numerous foreign countries. Undergraduate students from the United States are predominantly from the eastern states. The majority of the part-time students are graduate level students from the Baltimore-Washington, D.C. area.

Research and related services (e.g., research training) are provided to more than 1,300 government and private sponsors. Grants, contracts and similar agreements produce about 58% of the University's operating revenues. More than 88% of the revenues from research services come from departments and agencies of the United States Government. Major government sponsors include the Department of Defense, the Department of Health and Human Services, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Agency for International Development; these sponsors represent approximately 36%, 33%, 10% and 6%, respectively, of revenues from grants, contracts and similar agreements.

Professional medical services are provided by members of the University's faculty to patients at Johns Hopkins Hospital and other hospitals and outpatient care facilities in the Baltimore area and produce about 10% of the University's operating revenues. The patients are predominantly from the Baltimore area, other parts of Maryland or surrounding states.

(b) Basis of Presentation

The financial statements include the accounts of the various academic and administrative divisions, the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), The Johns Hopkins University Press and affiliated organizations which are controlled by the University, including JHPIEGO Corporation, Peabody Institute of the City of Baltimore and the Fund for Johns Hopkins Medicine. Investments in organizations which the University does not control, including Dome Corporation, Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLC and Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Inc., are accounted for using the equity method. Certain amounts for 1998 have been reclassified to conform to the presentation for 1999.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingencies at the date of the financial statements and revenues and expenses recognized during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Net assets and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are classified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions. Accordingly, net assets of the University are classified and reported as follows:

Permanently restricted--Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that they be maintained permanently by the University. Generally, the donors of these assets permit the University to use all or part of the income earned on related investments for general or specific purposes.

Temporarily restricted--Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that may or will be met by actions of the University and/or the passage of time.

Unrestricted--Net assets that are not subject to donor-imposed stipulations.

Expenses are reported as decreases in unrestricted net assets. Gains and losses on investments are reported as increases or decreases in unrestricted net assets unless their use is restricted by explicit donor stipulations or by law. Expirations of temporary restrictions recognized on net assets (i.e., the donor-stipulated purpose has been fulfilled and/or the stipulated time period has elapsed) are reported as reclassifications from temporarily restricted net assets to unrestricted net assets. Temporary restrictions on gifts to acquire long-lived assets are considered met in the period in which the assets are acquired or placed in service.

(c) Contributions

Contributions, including unconditional promises to give, are recognized as revenues in the appropriate category of net assets in the period received, except that contributions which impose restrictions that are met in same fiscal year they are received are included in unrestricted revenues. Contributions received for capital projects or perpetual or term endowment funds and contributions under split interest agreements or perpetual trusts are reported as nonoperating revenues. All other contributions are reported as operating revenues. Changes in the nature of any restrictions on contributions due to amendments to agreements with donors are recognized by adjusting operating and nonoperating contribution revenues in the period in which the amendments are approved. During 1998, approximately $21,250,000 of contributions were reclassified from nonoperating to operating revenues reflecting changes in agreements with certain donors. Conditional promises to give are not recognized until the conditions on which they depend are substantially met. Contributions of assets other than cash are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of gift, except that contributions of works of art, historical treasures and similar assets held as part of collections are not recognized or capitalized.

Allowance is made for uncollectible contributions based upon management's judgment and analysis of the creditworthiness of the donors, past collection experience and other relevant factors. Estimated collectible contributions to be received after one year are discounted using a risk-free rate for the expected period of collection. Amortization of the discount is recorded as additional contribution revenue.

(d) Cash and Cash Equivalents

Short-term investments with maturities at dates of purchase of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents, except that any such investments purchased with funds on deposit with bond trustees, with funds held in trusts by others or by external endowment investment managers are classified with the applicable assets. Cash equivalents include short-term U.S. Treasury securities and other short-term, highly liquid investments and are carried at cost which approximates fair value.

(e) Investments

Investments are stated at their fair values which are generally determined based on quoted market prices or estimates provided by external investment managers or other independent sources. In the limited cases where such values are not available, historical cost is used as an estimate of fair value.

Assets of pooled endowment and similar funds are invested on the basis of a total return policy to provide income and to realize appreciation in investment values. Realized investment gains of these funds may be used to support operations provided that the funds have market values in excess of their historical values. The endowment investment pool payout was approximately 4.8% in 1999 and 4.5% in 1998 of average market values.

Investment income included in operating revenues consists of income and realized gains and losses on investments of working capital and nonpooled endowment funds (except where restricted by donors) and the annual appropriation of income and realized gains for pooled endowment and similar funds approved by the Board of Trustees. All unrealized gains, any excess of income and realized gains earned over the appropriated amount for pooled endowment and similar funds and income and realized gains restricted by donors are reported as nonoperating revenues.

(f) Investment in Plant Assets

Investments in plant assets are stated at cost or at estimated fair value if acquired by gift, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation of buildings and equipment and amortization of leasehold improvements are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Land, library collections and certain historic buildings are not subject to depreciation. Title to certain equipment purchased using funds provided by government granting or contracting agencies is vested in the University. Such equipment is included in investment in plant assets. Certain facilities and equipment used by the APL in connection with its performance under agreements with the United States Government are owned by the government. These facilities and equipment are not included in the balance sheet; however, the University is accountable to the government for them.

(g) Split Interest Agreements and Perpetual Trusts

The University's split interest agreements with donors consist primarily of irrevocable charitable remainder trusts for which the University serves as trustee. Assets held in these trusts are included in investments. Contribution revenues are recognized at the date the trusts are established after recording liabilities for the present value of the estimated future payments to be made to the donors and/or other beneficiaries. The liabilities are adjusted during the terms of the trusts for changes in the values of the assets, accretion of the discounts and other changes in estimates of future benefits.

The University is also the beneficiary of certain perpetual trusts held and administered by others. The present values of the estimated future cash receipts from the trusts are recognized as assets and contribution revenues at the dates the trusts are established. Distributions from the trusts are recorded as contributions and the carrying value of the assets is adjusted for changes in estimates of future receipts.

(h) Insurance

The University, together with other institutions, has formed captive insurance companies which arrange and provide professional liability, general liability and property damage insurance for their shareholders. Defined portions of claims paid by these companies are self-insured. The University's annual payments to the companies for insurance coverage are based on actuarial studies and are included in operating expenses.

(i) Agreements with Affiliated Institutions

The University has separate administrative agreements for the exchange of services with Johns Hopkins Hospital and other medical and educational institutions. Costs incurred by the University in providing services to these institutions and the related reimbursements are reported as operating expenses and revenues, respectively, in the appropriate object and source classifications. Costs incurred by the University for services provided by these institutions are reported as operating expenses in the appropriate classifications.

(j) Financial Instruments

Fair values of financial instruments approximate their carrying values in the financial statements, except for indebtedness for which fair value information is provided in note 7.

The University's external investment managers are authorized to use specified derivative financial instruments, including futures and forward currency contracts, in managing the assets under their control, subject to restrictions and limitations adopted by the Board of Trustees.

Futures contracts, which are commitments to buy or sell designated financial instruments at a future date for a specified price, may be used to adjust asset allocation, neutralize options in securities or construct a more efficient portfolio. The managers have made limited use of exchange-traded interest rate futures contracts. Margin requirements are met in cash; however, the managers settle their positions on a net basis and, accordingly, the cash requirements are substantially less than the contract amounts. Forward currency contracts, which are agreements to exchange designated currencies at a future date at a specified rate, may be used to hedge currency exchange risk associated with investments in fixed-income securities denominated in foreign currencies and investments in equity securities traded in foreign markets. The managers settle these contracts on a net basis and, accordingly, the cash requirements are substantially less than the contract amounts. Changes in the market value of the futures and forward currency contracts are included in investment income and were not significant in 1999 and 1998.

(k) Sponsored Projects

Revenues under grants, contracts and similar agreements with sponsoring organizations are recognized as expenditures are incurred for agreement purposes. These revenues include recoveries of facilities and administrative costs which are generally determined as a negotiated or agreed-upon percentage of direct costs, with certain exclusions. Facilities and administrative cost recovery revenues for the academic and support divisions of the University were $140,784,000 in 1999 and $135,604,000 in 1998.

(l) Student Financial Aid

The University provides financial aid to eligible students, generally in a "package" that includes loans, compensation under work-study programs and/or grant and scholarship awards. The loans are provided primarily through programs of the United States Government (including direct and guaranteed loan programs) under which the University is responsible only for certain administrative duties. The grants and scholarships include awards provided through gifts and grants from private donors or from income earned on endowment funds restricted for student aid, as well as general funds scholarship awards. Grant and scholarship awards were $82,761,000 in 1999 and $77,928,000 in 1998 and are netted against tuition and fees revenues.

(m) Income Taxes

The University is qualified as a not-for-profit organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended. Accordingly, it is not subject to income taxes except to the extent it has taxable income from businesses that are not related to its exempt purpose.

2 Applied Physics Laboratory (APL)

The APL is engaged in research and development work principally under an omnibus contract with the Naval Sea Systems Command of the United States Navy (NAVSEA). Revenues and expenses under the contract with NAVSEA and contracts with other agencies of the United States Government represent substantially all of the revenues and expenses of the APL. The omnibus contract and other contracts define reimbursable costs and provide for fees to the University. The omnibus contract also requires that a portion of the fees earned by the University thereunder be retained and used for various APL-related purposes.

The current contract with NAVSEA expires on September 30, 2002. University management expects that a contractual relationship with the United States Navy will continue after expiration of the current contract.

In accordance with an agreement between the United States Government and the University, the APL has been designated a national resource. Under the agreement, if the University should determine that it can no longer sponsor the APL or the Secretary of the Navy should determine that the Navy can no longer contract with the University with respect to the APL, the University will establish a charitable trust to provide for the continued availability of the APL. The trust would be administered by five trustees and the corpus would consist of the University's interest in the APL facilities, including land to the extent necessary, and the balances in the University's APL stabilization, contingency and research fund on the date the trust is established, less certain costs. Upon termination of the trust, the corpus, in whole or in part, would be returned to and held and used by the University for such educational or research purposes and in such manner as the trustees and University shall agree.

The APL stabilization, contingency and research fund is included in unrestricted net assets and was approximately $181,901,000 and $180,341,000 at June 30, 1999 and 1998, respectively, including net investments in property and equipment of $77,380,000 and $72,211,000, respectively. At June 30, 1999, APL purchase and subcontract commitments were approximately $28,000,000.

3 Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable, net, are summarized as follows at June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Reimbursement of costs incurred under grants and contracts	$ 77,368	77,916
Affiliated institutions, primarily Johns Hopkins Hospital	20,899	18,473
Students and others	27,754	35,956
126,021		132,345
Less allowance for doubtful accounts	579	516
125,442		131,829
Medical services to patients, less allowances of $58,000 in 1999 and $52,300 in 1998	40,862	42,200
$166,304		174,029

4 Contributions Receivable

Contributions receivable, net, are summarized as follows at June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Unconditional promises scheduled to be collected in:
Less than one year	$ 44,102	29,241
One year to five years	147,100	90,935
Over five years	35,658	28,274
226,860		148,450
Less unamortized discount	52,967	28,046
$173,893		120,404

At June 30, 1999, approximately 47% of the gross contributions receivable were due from eleven donors. For the year ended June 30, 1999, approximately 55% of contribution revenues were from ten donors. At June 30, 1999, the University had also received bequest intentions of approximately $77,000,000 and certain other conditional promises to give. These intentions and conditional promises to give are not recognized as assets and, if they are received, they will generally be restricted for specific purposes stipulated by the donors, primarily endowments for faculty support, scholarships or general operating support of a particular department or division of the University.

5 Investments

Investments are summarized as follows at June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Cash and short-term investments	$ 170,010	89,061
United States government and agency obligations	266,834	305,893
Other debt securities	287,836	282,722
Common and preferred stocks	1,027,798	892,885
Limited partnership and similar interests	38,286	46,383
Mortgages and notes receivable and other investments	118,917	112,848
$1,909,681		1,729,792

Investments are professionally managed, primarily by outside investment organizations, subject to direction and oversight by a committee of the Board of Trustees. The Board has established investment policies and guidelines which cover asset allocation and performance objectives and impose various restrictions and limitations on the managers. These restrictions and limitations are specific to each asset classification and cover concentrations of market risk (at both the individual issuer and industry group levels), credit quality of fixed-income and short-term investments, use of derivative securities, investments in foreign securities and various other matters.

Investment income is summarized as follows for the years ended June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Dividend and interest income	$ 54,951	51,382
Net realized gains	56,586	134,642
Net unrealized appreciation	16,479	62,833
Increase in interests in perpetual trusts	4,027	5,765
Investment management fees	(4,439)	(5,395)
$127,604		249,227

At June 30, 1999 and 1998, assets of endowment and similar funds, including cash and cash equivalents and investments, amounted to $1,520,793,000 and $1,373,155,000, respectively. Certain assets of endowment and similar funds are combined in a common investment pool known as the Endowment Investment Pool (EIP). Purchases and disposals of shares in the EIP are made based on the market value per share at the end of the quarter during which the transaction takes place. At June 30, 1999 and 1998, assets of the EIP, including cash and cash equivalents and investments, amounted to $1,472,752,000 and $1,346,255,000, respectively.

At June 30, 1999 and 1998, other investments include $99,133,000 and $91,796,000, respectively, of investments held by the University under deferred compensation agreements. Such amounts approximate the University's related liability to employees which is included in obligations under deferred compensation agreements and other long-term liabilities. At June 30, 1999, investments having a fair value of $8,748,000 were pledged as security for the payment of unemployment claims, and investments having a fair value of $5,464,000 were pledged as security for certain bonds and notes payable. At June 30, 1999, commitments for purchases of investments were approximately $170,000,000.

6 Investment in Plant Assets

Investment in plant assets, net, is summarized as follows at June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Land	$ 35,018	35,018
Land improvements	14,762	14,762
Buildings and leasehold improvements	929,324	897,198
Equipment	322,514	315,230
Library collections	105,917	98,573
Construction in progress	73,596	36,300
1,481,131		1,397,081
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	699,880	638,269
$ 781,251		758,812

7 Indebtedness

Under terms of a master note agreement with a commercial bank, the University may borrow up to $50,000,000 under a line of credit for APL working capital purposes. Advances under the line of credit are unsecured, due on demand and bear interest at a rate which varies based on certain specified market indices. No advances were outstanding at June 30, 1999 and 1998.

The University is obligated with respect to the following issues of bonds payable at June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Maryland Health and Higher Educational Facilities Authority (MHHEFA) issues:
Revenue Bonds of 1979, 5.40% to 6.40%, due January 2009	$ 3,830	4,235
Revenue Bonds of 1983, 6.00% to 9.88%, due July 2013, net of unamortized discount of $1,513 and $1,693	27,417	28,132
Revenue Bonds of 1985 (APL/STScI Project), 67.22% of prime interest rate, due October 2000	1,561	2,413
Revenue Bonds of 1985, 73.32% of prime interest rate, due January 2001	1,500	2,500
Refunding Revenue Bonds of 1997, 4.50% to 5.625%, due July 2027, net of unamortized discount of $237 and $240	14,518	14,745
Refunding Revenue Bonds of 1998, 5.125% to 6.00%, due July 2020, including unamortized premium of $629 and $681	187,784	193,191
Other issue-Fifth Off-Street Parking Serial Bonds, Series A, 4.26%, due October 2009	182	198
$ 236,792		245,414

The Revenue Bonds of 1979 are secured under a collateral security agreement which provides for a security interest in certain investment securities and requires that the market value of such securities exceed a specified level. At June 30, 1999, investment securities with a fair value of $4,463,000 were held by the trustee under the agreement. The Fifth Off-Street Parking Serial Bonds are secured under a loan agreement which provides for a mortgage on certain of the University's property and equipment. The Revenue Bonds of 1983, 1985 (APL/STScI Project), 1985, 1997 and 1998 are unsecured general obligations of the University. The loan agreement relating to the Revenue Bonds of 1983 provides for limitations on the amount of indebtedness the University may incur.

Portions of the Revenue Bonds of 1983 and 1985A were advance refunded in 1988 from proceeds of an issue of MHHEFA revenue bonds. The net proceeds were irrevocably placed in trust pursuant to escrow agreements and used to purchase government securities which are payable as to principal and interest at such times and in such amounts as to pay all principal and interest on the refunded portions of the Revenue Bonds of 1983 and 1985A. Accordingly, such portions of those bonds are considered to have been extinguished and neither the indebtedness ($45,055,000 at June 30, 1999) nor the irrevocable trusts are included in the balance sheet.

The Refunding Revenue Bonds of 1998 were issued in 1998 to advance refund an issue of MHHEFA revenue bonds for which the University and MHHEFA have no further liability. In addition, the undefeased portion of the Revenue Bonds of 1985A was repaid prior to scheduled maturity from funds on deposit with trustees. The University recorded losses on early extinguishment of this debt of approximately $8,864,000 in 1998.

The University is obligated with respect to the following notes payable at June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
MHHEFA note due February 2001	$ 326	522
MHHEFA note due November 2015	51,433	53,050
MHHEFA note due November 2020	18,216	18,571
MHHEFA note due February 2025	14,422	14,729
MHHEFA note due July 2026	6,379	6,447
Note due June 2002, 10%	4,577	5,835
Note due December 2002, 7.91%	11,690	11,850
Note due July 2004, 3% (government subsidized effective rate)	502	574
Note due June 2012, 7.29%	2,635	2,754
Note due December 2019, 8.88%	80,711	82,035
$ 190,891		196,367

The MHHEFA notes are part of a pooled loan program. The notes are unsecured general obligations of the University and bear interest at a variable rate (3.90% at June 30, 1999). Under terms of the loan agreements, the University may be required to provide security for the loans in certain circumstances.

The notes due June 2002, December 2002 and June 2012 are unsecured general obligations of the University. Under terms of the related loan agreements, the University may be required to provide security for the loans in certain circumstances. The note due July 2004 is secured by mortgages on certain of the University's property and a collateral account with a trustee in which investment securities having a fair value of $1,001,000 at June 30, 1999 have been deposited. The note due December 2019 is secured by certain of the University's property.

The aggregate annual maturities of the bonds and notes payable for the five years subsequent to June 30, 1999 are as follows: 2000, $15,356,000; 2001, $14,745,000; 2002, $14,725,000; 2003, $24,192,000; and 2004, $13,902,000.

Total interest costs incurred and paid on the bonds and notes payable were $26,433,000 in 1999 and $30,740,000 in 1998.

The estimated fair value of the University's indebtedness is determined based on quoted market prices for publicly traded issues and on the discounted future cash payments to be made for other issues. The discount rates used approximate current market rates for loans or groups of loans with similar maturities and credit quality. The carrying amount and estimated fair value of the University's indebtedness are summarized as follows at June 30 (in thousands):

	1999		1998
	Carrying amount	Estimated fair value	Carrying amount	Estimated fair value
Variable rate loans	$ 93,838	93,838	98,232	98,232
Fixed rate loans	333,845	364,297	343,549	379,281
$427,683		458,135	441,781	477,513

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of judgement. The University is not required to settle its debt obligations at fair value and settlement is not possible in some cases because of the terms under which the debt was issued.

8 Refundable Advances from the U.S. Government

Funds provided by the United States Government under the Federal Perkins, Nursing and Health Professions Student Loan programs are loaned to qualified students and may be reloaned after collections. These funds are ultimately refundable to the government and are included in obligations under deferred compensation agreements and other long-term liabilities. These advances totaled approximately $29,075,000 and $28,113,000 at June 30, 1999 and 1998, respectively.

9 Net Assets

Under generally accepted accounting principles for external financial reporting by not-for- profit organizations, unrestricted net assets are those which are not subject to donor-imposed restrictions. The practices used by the University for internal financial management and reporting purposes differ in certain respects from the practices prescribed for external financial reporting purposes, particularly with respect to the timing of recognition of the release of donor-imposed restrictions on contributions and related investment income and gains. In addition, certain net assets classified as unrestricted for external financial reporting purposes are designated for specific purposes or uses under various internal operating and administrative arrangements of the University. As a result, substantially all of the net assets classified as unrestricted as of June 30, 1999 and 1998 have been invested in property and equipment or are designated for specific uses.

Unrestricted net assets consist of the following at June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Net investment in property and equipment	$ 340,380	303,856
APL stabilization, contingency and research fund, excluding net investment in property and equipment	104,521	108,130
Funds designated for divisional and departmental support	1,106,637	1,033,013
Student loan funds	11,560	10,631
$1,563,098		1,455,630

Temporarily restricted net assets consist of the following at June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Contributions designated for departmental and divisional support or facilities	$196,868	144,917
Split interest agreements	21,717	21,322
Land subject to time and purpose restrictions	13,188	13,188
$231,773		179,427

Permanently restricted net assets consist of the following at June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Perpetual endowment funds	$576,195	482,379
Interests in perpetual trusts	47,096	43,069
Split interest agreements	14,061	14,384
$637,352		539,832

10 Affiliated Organizations

The Johns Hopkins Health System Corporation (JHHS)

JHHS is incorporated and governed separately from the University and is the parent entity of an academically based health system which includes The Johns Hopkins Hospital, The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center and certain other related organizations. The University and JHHS have established a Board of Johns Hopkins Medicine (JHM) to direct, integrate and coordinate the clinical activities of the two organizations. JHM does not have the authority to incur debt or issue guarantees, and its annual budgets require the approval of the boards of trustees of the University and JHHS.

Johns Hopkins Hospital (Hospital)

The Hospital is a member of JHHS and serves as the primary teaching facility of the University's School of Medicine. Because of the closely related nature of their operations, the University and Hospital share facilities and provide services to each other to fulfill their purposes more effectively. The sharing of facilities and services is negotiated annually and set forth in a Joint Administrative Agreement (JAA). Costs charged to the Hospital under the JAA, related primarily to the provision of professional medical services by the University, aggregated approximately $61,900,000 in 1999 and $57,200,000 in 1998. Costs charged to the University under the JAA, related primarily to rental of space in Hospital facilities under a renewable one-year lease, aggregated approximately $38,400,000 in 1999 and $37,200,000 in 1998.

Dome Corporation (Dome)

Dome is a for-profit, corporate joint venture of the University and JHHS which is 50% owned by each institution. Dome provides property management and development and certain other services to its owners and others. Costs charged to the University by Dome, related primarily to property rentals and management services, aggregated approximately $12,700,000 in 1999 and $13,500,000 in 1998.

11 Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans

The University has several pension plans, primarily defined contribution plans, that are available to substantially all full-time employees. The policy of the University is to fund pension costs as accrued. Pension expense was $52,545,000 in 1999 and $54,373,000 in 1998, including $18,764,000 and $18,183,000, respectively, related to pension plans for employees at APL.

The University has a retiree benefits plan that provides postretirement medical benefits to employees who meet specified minimum age and service requirements at the time they retire. The University pays a portion of the cost of participants' medical insurance coverage. The University's portion of the cost for an individual participant depends on various factors, including the age, years of service and time of retirement or retirement eligibility of the participant. The University has established a trust fund for its retiree benefits plan and intends to make contributions to the fund approximately equal to the annual net postretirement benefit cost, including amortization of the transition obligation over a period of 20 years from July 1, 1993.

Information relating to the obligations, assets and funded status of the plan at June 30, 1999 and 1998 and for the years then ended is summarized as follows (in thousands):

1999		1998
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$102,791	87,093
Service cost	2,519	2,009
Interest cost	6,863	6,891
Plan participant contributions	1,143	645
Actuarial (gain) loss	(12,293)	12,394
Benefits paid	(6,088)	(6,241)
Benefit obligation at end of year	94,935	102,791
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	41,446	31,736
Actual return on plan assets	5,546	6,170
University contribution	8,912	9,136
Plan participant contributions	1,143	645
Benefits paid	(6,088)	(6,241)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	50,959	41,446
Funded status	(43,976)	(61,345)
Unrecognized net actuarial loss	2,870	17,538
Unamortized prior service cost	695	772
Unrecognized transition obligation	35,864	38,426
Accrued postretirement benefit cost	$ (4,547)	(4,609)
Weighted-average assumptions at June 30:
Discount rate	7.75%	7.00%
Expected rate of return on plan assets	8.50	8.50
Rate of increase in health care costs for next year:
Participants over age 65	6.00-8.00	8.00
Participants under age 65	7.50-8.00	8.00-11.00

The plan assets consist primarily of investments in mutual funds managed by an independent investment management organization.

The rates of increase in health care costs were assumed to decrease gradually to 5-7% in 2003 and to remain at those levels thereafter. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the reported postretirement benefit cost and obligation. A one-percentage point change in the assumed rates used at June 30, 1999 would have the following effects (in thousands):

	One-percent Increase	One-percent Decrease
Total service and interest cost components	$ 1,296	(1,082)
Postretirement benefit obligation	11,792	(10,102)

The postretirement benefit cost includes the following components for the years ended June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Service cost	$ 2,519	2,009
Interest cost on accumulated benefit obligation	6,863	6,891
Amortization of transition obligation	2,562	2,562
Amortization of prior service cost	77	77
Amortization of actuarial loss	729	508
Expected return on plan assets	(3,705)	(2,911)
$9,045		9,136

12 Functional Expense Information

Operating expenses by function are summarized as follows for the years ended June 30 (in thousands):

1999		1998
Instruction, research and clinical practice:
Academic and support divisions	$1,092,089	$1,033,519
Applied Physics Laboratory contracts	400,179	409,210
Student services	32,131	29,424
Libraries	18,282	16,421
General services and administration	110,302	102,851
Auxiliary enterprises	42,957	43,157
$1,695,940		$1,634,582

Costs related to the operation and maintenance of physical plant, including depreciation of plant assets and interest on related debt, are allocated to program and supporting activities based upon periodic inventories of facilities. Fundraising costs were not significant in 1999 and 1998.

13 Lease Commitments

As described in note 10, the University leases certain facilities from the Hospital under a renewable one-year lease which provides for a rent equal to the cost to the Hospital of providing and maintaining the facilities. This lease has been renewed for the year ending June 30, 2000.

The University leases certain other facilities used in its academic and research operations under long-term operating leases expiring at various dates to 2013, subject to renewal options in certain cases. Certain of these facilities are leased from Dome or other affiliated organizations. The aggregate annual minimum rents to be paid to the expiration of the initial terms of these leases are as follows at June 30 (in thousands):

Affiliates		Others	Total
2000	$ 12,019	7,096	19,115
2001	10,155	6,642	16,797
2002	10,060	6,137	16,197
2003	10,046	4,500	14,546
2004	10,746	4,141	14,887
After 2004	57,160	15,907	73,067
$110,186		44,423	154,609

14 Other Commitments and Contingencies

At June 30, 1999, unexpended research and training awards committed to the University by sponsoring agencies were approximately $574,000,000. These awards are not recognized as assets, but they will be collected as expenditures are made in accordance with the related agreements, which typically have terms of one year.

At June 30, 1999, the University had the following additional financial commitments and guarantees relating to affiliated organizations:

Subject to various terms and conditions, the University and JHHS have jointly and severally agreed, on the occurrence of certain events, to either assume the obligations of Patient First Corporation (Patient First) under a loan agreement with a commercial bank or purchase the bank's interest in the loan agreement. Patient First is developing a network of primary care sites in central Maryland. The maximum amount of the credit facility available under the loan agreement is $24,000,000; the amount outstanding at June 30, 1999 was approximately $6,400,000.

The University has guaranteed payment of 50% of amounts borrowed by Johns Hopkins Home Care Group, Inc. under line of credit agreements with a commercial bank. The maximum amount available under these agreements is $7,500,000; the amount outstanding at June 30, 1999, was approximately $5,670,000.

The University has guaranteed payment of a specified percentage of annual debt service payments (up to an annual maximum of approximately $385,000) due under a loan issued by MHHEFA to JHHS to finance the acquisition of Howard County General Hospital. This guarantee continues until maturity of the loan in 2033.

The University has guaranteed payment of up to $2,500,000 of debt obligations Dome may incur under terms of a credit enhancement agreement relating to financing of certain properties and, together with JHHS, has agreed to provide Dome with funds required, if any, to meet its obligations under the agreement.

The University is a party to various claims and litigation in the ordinary course of business. In addition, amounts received and expended by the University under various federal and state programs are subject to audit by governmental agencies. In 1997, the Office of Inspector General, Department of Health and Human Services (OIG), advised the University that as part of its national program to determine compliance with Medicare guidelines, an audit would be performed of billings to Medicare for services of faculty teaching physicians from 1991-1995.

The audit began in 1998 and is in progress. Management believes the University has made a good faith effort to comply with Medicare billing guidelines, but that the guidelines were unclear, excessively detailed, lacking consistent application and, in some respects, contrary to published regulations. It is possible that the OIG's interpretations of the guidelines with respect to the nature, extent and/or specific content of the records needed to support billings to Medicare may differ from the University's. Depending on the results of the audit, OIG may seek restitution of Medicare payments as well as damages.

In the opinion of management, adequate provision has been made for possible losses on claims and litigation matters, where appropriate, and their ultimate resolution will not have a significant effect on the financial position of the University.

15 Year 2000 Issue (unaudited)

The year 2000 issue relates to whether computer systems will properly recognize date sensitive information to allow accurate processing of data and transactions relating to the year 2000 and beyond. The issue also relates to whether non-Information Technology (IT) systems that depend on embedded computer technology, such as elevators, HVAC systems and machinery, will recognize the year 2000. Systems that do not recognize such information could generate erroneous data or fail.

The University initiated an effort to address the year 2000 issue several years ago. University-wide and significant division-level IT systems have been evaluated for compliance and those that are not yet year 2000 compliant are in the process of renovation or replacement. Efforts to assess and remediate department-level IT systems (consisting primarily of network and desktop equipment and software) are ongoing; however, due to the regular replacement and upgrading of these systems to keep pace with technological changes, the University does not anticipate significant issues in this area. For non-IT systems, the various facilities offices have completed reviews to identify computer hardware and software in mechanical systems and equipment and have developed programs to repair or replace non-IT systems that are not year 2000 compliant by the end of 1999. Management does not believe that the year 2000 issue will pose significant problems in IT or non-IT systems, or that resolution of any potential problems with respect to these systems will have a material adverse effect on the University's operations or financial condition.

The year 2000 issue also involves potential temporary difficulties to the University from third parties including vendors, suppliers, sponsors, payors and others. For example, there could be failures in the information systems of departments or agencies of the United States Government which could delay reimbursements of research costs, disbursements of financial aid awards or payments for medical services under Medicare and Medicaid. While it is not possible at this time to determine the likely impact of these potential problems, the University intends to continue monitoring and evaluating the progress made by significant third parties and will develop contingency plans on an as-needed basis.

16 Subsequent Events

In September 1999, the University applied to borrow up to $3,200,000 from MHHEFA's pooled loan program to finance a portion of the costs of a medical office building that it plans to develop jointly with JHHS. The University also obtained preliminary approval from MHHEFA for a public offering of up to $80,000,000 of revenue bonds to finance a portion of the costs of new research and teaching facilities. Completion of this offering is subject to various approvals and contingencies, but is expected to occur in the last quarter of 1999.

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