PUBLICATIONS (Total: 88)

Summary: 54 journal papers, 19 issued patents, 10 peer reviewed conference proceedings, 5 book chapters
Direct any questions regarding publications to: David Gracias; dgracias@jhu.edu

Journal Publications

Publications at JHU [Sept 2003- present]

54. Directed Growth of Fibroblasts into Three Dimensional Micropatterned Geometries via Self-Assembling Scaffolds, M. Jamal, N. Bassik, J.-H. Cho, C. L. Randall and D. H. Gracias Biomaterials (2009) accepted.

Significance:

53. Patternable nanowire sensors for electrochemical recording of dopamine, P. Tyagi, D. Postetter, D. L. Saragnese, C. L. Randall, M. A. Mirski and D. H. Gracias Analytical Chemistry (2009) ASAP; published online; DOI:10.1021/ac901744s.

Significance: We study electrochemical recording of a critical neurotransmitter, dopamine, at relevant synaptic concentrations and with electrodes as small as the synaptic junction.

52. Toward a miniaturized mechanical surgeon, R. Fernandes and D. H. Gracias, Materials Today 12, 10, 14-20 (2009).

Significance: A review. The title says it all.

51. Self-assembly of lithographically patterned nanoparticles J. H. Cho and D. H. Gracias, Nanoletters (2009) ASAP; published online. DOI:10.1021/nl9022176

Significance: Nanoparticles with precisely patterned three dimensional surfaces simply do not exist. Here, we demonstrate the first of their kind; particles have surfaces patterned with line widths as small as 15 nm.

50. Reversible actuation of microstructures by surface chemical modification of thin film bilayers J. S. Randhawa, M. D. Keung, P.Tyagi and D. H. Gracias, Advanced Materials (2009) published online. DOI:10.1002/adma.200902337.

Significance: We describe the active manipulation of stress within thin film hinges to create structures that move autonomously (and reversibly) on exposure to different chemical environments, without the need for any wires or batteries.

49. Microassembly based on hands free origami with bidirectional curvature N. Bassik, G. Stern and D. H. Gracias, Applied Physics Letters 95, 9, 091901/1-3 (2009) [Featured on the Cover].

Significance: We describe metallic sheets with thousands of hinges that fold themselves up into complex structures with any desired positive and negative fold angles.

48. Hierarchical self-assembly of complex polyhedral microcontainers D. J. Filipiak, A. Azam, T. G. Leong and D. H. Gracias, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 19, 075012, 6 pp (2009).

Significance: It is intriguing that many viruses have complex polyhedral shapes; here, we describe self-assembly of containers with complex polyhedral shapes, patterned surfaces and encapsulated cargo.

47. Self-assembly based on chromium / copper bilayers, P. Tyagi, N. Bassik , T. G. Leong, J. H. Cho, B. R. Benson and D. H. Gracias, IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems (JMEMS) 18, 4, 784-791 (2009).

Significance: A detailed paper correlating measured stresses and curvature of bi- and tri-layered structures. This work facilitates a deeper understanding of multilayer thin film-based self-assembly and provides a framework to assemble complex micro and nanostructures, including tetherless, self-actuating devices.

46. Tetherless thermobiochemically actuated microgrippers, T. G. Leong, C. L. Randall, B. R. Benson, N. Bassik, G. M. Stern and D. H. Gracias, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 106, 703-708 (2009). [Video]

Significance: We describe tethereless microgrippers (no wires or strings attached.....really!!) that close in response to both temperature and specific biochemicals. They were used to perform in vitro biopsies of tissue bovine bladders in narrow capillary tubes. The videos are a MUST see.

45. Compactness determines the success of cube and octahedron self-assembly A. Azam, T. G. Leong, A. M. Zarafshar and D.H. Gracias PLoS One 4, 2, e4451 (2009). Open access: [PDF].

Significance: This is the first model experimental study in which the influence of geometry on the success (yield and defect tolerance) of a self-assembling system has been systematically investigated. Based on our findings, we postulate an engineering design rule that maximizing "compactness" is very important to designing "high yield" self-assembling systems.

44. Self assembly of three dimensional nanoporous containers J. Wang, M. Patel and D. H. Gracias, Nano 4, 1, 1-5 (2009) [Featured on the Cover].

Significance: We describe a strategy to construct 3D cubic containers with nanoscale wall porosity. Three dimensional devices with nanoporous side walls facilitate a higher exposed surface area (enabling greater interaction with the surrounding medium) and can encapsulate cells and other chemicals for cell encapsulation therapies, molecular separations, and drug delivery.

43. Size selective sampling using mobile, three-dimensional nanoporous membranes C. L. Randall, A. Gillespie, S. Singh, T. G. Leong and D. H. Gracias, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 393, 1217-1224 (2009).

Significance: Separations are commonly achieved by moving a liquid sample through a 2D membrane. Here, we explore the size selective sampling of beads and live cells by instead moving 3D membranes through a liquid sample.

42 Pick-and-place using chemically actuated microgrippers J. S. Randhawa, T. G. Leong, N. Bassik, B. R. Benson, M. T. Jochmans and D.H. Gracias, Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) 130, 51, 7238-7239 (2008). Open access: [PDF] [Video]

Significance: In contrast to Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) devices, in this paper we introduce the concept of Micro Chemo Mechanical System (MCMS) by describing a functional microgripper that closes and opens when exposed to specific chemicals. Chemical actuation is intellectually intriguing since it enables the high selectivity, sensitivity and autonomy observed in biological machines.

41. Patterning thin film mechanical properties to drive assembly of complex 3D structures N. Bassik, G. M. Stern, M. Jamal and D. H. Gracias, Advanced Materials 20, 4760-4764 (2008).

Significance: It is well known that homogeneous sheets of thin films roll up into cylinders when released from the underlying substrate. In contrast, here, we explore how thin (metal / polymer) sheets with patterned moduli and stress spontaneously self-assemble into complex, patterned and curved 3D structures such as coils, spirals, orthogonal and diagonal cylinders in a highly parallel manner.

40. Self-loading lithographically structured microcontainers: 3D patterned, mobile microwells T. G. Leong, C. L. Randall, B. R. Benson, A.M. Zarafshar and D. H. Gracias, Lab Chip 8, 1621-1624 (2008).[Featured on the Cover].

Significance: There are many molecular self-loading systems like vesicles and liposomes that load chemicals and drugs while they self-assemble. Here, we describe microengineered analogs; we argue that these containers with encapsulated beads and cells represent "3D microwells".

39.Solvent driven motion of lithographically fabricated gels N. Bassik, B. Abebe and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 24, 21, 12158-12163 (2008).

Significance: Here, we describe autonomous movement of microstructures by the Marangoni effect. This solvent powered motion is a clean, quiet and reusable source of motive power, with no need for on-board wiring or batteries. We show how the type of motion such as translation, precession and rotation can be controlled; we also demonstrate how lithographically structured microdevices can be moved at high speeds up to 31 cm/s and 3529 rpm.

38. Thin film stress driven self-folding of microstructured containers T. G. Leong, B. R. Benson, E. K. Call, and D. H. Gracias, Small 4, 10,1605-1609 (2008)

Significance: We describe a strategy to self-assemble 3D polyhedral containers using stressed thin film hinges. Self-assembly can be triggered on-demand, in water, and under biologically relevant conditions.

37. Self-assembly of orthogonal 3-axis sensors J. H. Cho, S. Hu and D. H. Gracias, Applied Physics Letters 93, 4, 043505/1-043505/3 (2008).

Significance: Here, we describe a strategy to package sensors in 3D so that the measurement of a physical or chemical quantity can easily be achieved along each of the three orthogonal (x, y, and z) axes, thereby gaining angular and orientation information.

36. Concentric ring pattern formation in heated chromium-gold thin films on silicon J. S. Randhawa, A. Bernfeld, M. Keung, A. A. Volinsky and D. H. Gracias, Applied Physics Letters 92, 21, 211907/1-211907/3 (2008).

Significance: We describe an intriguing observation of reaction-diffusion patterns that are formed spontaneously by simply heating Au-Cr-Si thin film stacks on a hot plate in air.

35. Reconfigurable microfluidics with metallic containers J.-R. Park, D. Slanac, T. Leong, H. Ye, D. Nelson and D. H. Gracias, IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems (JMEMS) 17, 2, 265-271 (2008).

Significance: Conventional microfluidics utilizes pre-fabricated chips with channels etched within. Here, we describe spatial and temporal control over nanoliter scale chemistry using metallic containers. Much like macroscale chemistry with beakers, microscale chemistry can be done wherever and whenever necessary.

34.. Hyperthermia with magnetic nanowires for inactivating living cells D. Choi, J. Park, S. Kim, D. H. Gracias, M. Cho, Y. Kim, A. Fung, S. Lee, Y. Chen, S. Khanal, S. Baral, and J. Kim, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, 1-5 (2008).

Significance: We demonstrate remote heating of cells (to kill them) by coupling an RF field to magnetic nanowires internalized within the cells. In contrast to heating spherical nanoparticles, anisotropic rod shaped particles (nanowires) have highly anisotropic magnetic properties, enabling cells to be killed at much lower power wattage, thereby allowing one to kill specific cells while minimizing the damage to surrounding tissue.

33. On the tracks of carrier transport D.Gracias, Nature Photonics 1, 10, 570-571 (2007).

Significance: The news and views article highlights SHG imaging of OFETs. Here, the utility of non-linear optics (SHG and SFG) to probe buried interfaces in organic field effect transistors (OFETs) is summarized.

32. MRI of regular-shaped cell-encapsulating polyhedral microcontainers B. Gimi, D. Artemov, T. Leong, D. H. Gracias and Z. Bhujwalla, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 58, 1283-1287(2007).

Significance: Monitoring therapeutic cells after implantation would enable the early determination of implant rejection or failure in cell encapsulation therapy. This paper discusses the details of MRI imaging of cell encapsulating polyhedral microcontainers.

31. 3D lithographically fabricated nanoliter containers for drug delivery C. L. Randall, T. G. Leong, N. Bassik and D. H. Gracias, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59, 15, 1547-1561 (2007). [Featured on the Cover].

Significance: A review paper describing the need and use of "3D" lithographically structured biomedical devices as opposed to "2D" ones.

30. Correlations between electrical properties and SFG spectra of organic field effect transistors H. Ye, J. Huang, J.-R. Park, H. Katz and D. H. Gracias, Journal of Physical Chemistry-C 111, 35, 13250-13255 (2007).

Significance: We show how a thin film multilayer non-linear optical interference model can be used to extract molecular structure from buried interfaces in organic field effect transistors; we observe remarkable correlations between these molecular spectral signatures and the electrical properties of the transistors.

29. Surface tension driven self-folding polyhedra T. Leong, P. Lester, T. Koh, E. Call and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 23 (17), 8747-8751 (2007). [Featured on the Cover].

Significance: Using finite element simulations and experiments, we describe the fabrication of lithographically patterned polyhedra and show that the process can be applied across millimeter to nanometer length scales.

28. Remote radio frequency controlled nanoliter chemistry and chemical delivery on substrates H. Ye, C. Randall, T. Leong, D. Slanac, E. Call and D. H. Gracias, Angewandte Chemie 46, 4991-4994 (2007). [Research Highlight"Loaded Dice", Nature Physics 3, 443(2007)] .

Significance: We demonstrate on-demand spatio-temporally chemistry and chemical delivery at the push of a button.

27. Cell viability and non-invasive MRI tracking of 3D cell encapsulating self-assembled microcontainers B. Gimi, D. Artemov, T. Leong, D. H. Gracias, W. Gilson, M. Stuber and Z. M. Bhujwalla, Cell Transplantation 16, 4, 403-408 (2007).

Significance: This paper demonstrates in vivo viability and MR imaging of lithographically structured 3D self-assembled polyhedral cell encapsulants.

26. Three dimensional electrically interconnected nanowire networks formed by diffusion bonding Z. Gu, H. Ye, A. Bernfeld, K. J. T. Livi, and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 23, 3, 979-982 (2007).

Significance: Three dimensional nanowire networks allow the possibility for 3D sensing and computation. This paper demonstrates how 3D random nanowire can be self-assembled from the bottom up. We also demonstrate how gold based diffusion bonding can be extended to lower (and more practical) temperatures.

25. Spatially controlled chemistry using remotely guided nanoliter scale containers T. Leong, Z. Gu, T. Koh and D. H. Gracias, Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) 128 (35) 11336-11337 (2006).

Significance: This paper describes nanoliter scale chemistry with high spatial control. We show how containers with varied porosity can enable chemistry and chemical delivery with different spatial profiles.

24. Dielectrophoretic assembly of reversible and irreversible metal nanowire networks and verticaly aligned arrays S. J. Papadakis, Z. Gu and D. H. Gracias, Applied Physics Letters 88, 23, 233118/1-233118/3 (2006).

Significance: This paper describes a strategy to integrate arrays of nanowires with microscale bond pads in a reversible or irreversible manner. We also demonstrate an easy way to get nanowires to "stand-up" and form vertically aligned arrays.

23. Probing Organic Field Effect Transistors In-Situ During Operation Using SFG H. Ye, A. Abu-Akeel, J.Huang, H. E. Katz and D. H. Gracias, Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS)128, 20, 6528-6529 (2006).

Significance: We demonstrate how the buried organic semiconductor / dielectric interface in an organic transistor can be investigated in situ during the operation of the transistor. Remarkable correlations were observed between the molecular structure of the organic semiconductor and its electrical properties.

22. Kinetics of ultraviolet and plasma surface modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) probed by sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy H. Ye, Z. Gu and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 22, 4, 1863-1868 (2006).

Significance: The hydrophobic surface of the polymer PDMS is often made hydrophilic by exposing it to a plasma, UV or ozone environment. The paper uncovers kinetic curves that allows precise control over the extent of hydrophilicity.

21. Integrating nanowires with substrates using directed assembly and nanoscale soldering H. Ye, Z. Gu, T.Yu and D. H. Gracias, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 5, 1, 62-66 (2006).

Significance: This is the first paper that explores the integration of nanoparticles with microscale contact pads using nanoscale solder thin films.

20. Reflow and electrical characteristics of nanoscale solder Z. Gu, H. Ye, D. Smirnova, D. Small and D. H. Gracias, Small 2, 2, 225-229 (2006).

Significance: Nanosoldering: This is the first paper that explores the utility of solder in making electrical connections between particles on the nanoscale.

19. The bonding of nanowire assemblies using adhesives and solder Z. Gu, H. Ye and D. H. Gracias, The Jorunal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society (JOM) 57, 12, 60-64 (2005) [Invited Paper] .

Significance: A review paper on surface tension driven self-assembly (allowing permanent bonding) of nanowires using adhesives and solder.

18. Self-assembled three dimensional radio frequency (RF) shielded containers for cell encapsulation B. Gimi, T. Leong, Z. Gu, M.Yang, D. Artemov, Z. M. Bhujwalla and D. H. Gracias, Biomedical Microdevices 7 (4) 341-345 (2005).

Significance: This paper demonstrates the self-assembly of self-assembled lithographically structured, micro "Faraday cages" and their utility in cell encapsulation.

17. Surface tension driven self-assembly of bundles and networks of 200 nm diameter rods using a polymerizable adhesive Z. Gu, Y. Chen and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 20 (26) 11308-11311 (2004).

Significance: This paper demonstrates "permanent" surface tension driven assembly using anisotropic nanoparticles that are in essence "glued" together.

Gracias post-doctoral research at Harvard [1999-2001]

16. Micropatterned agarose gels for stamping arrays of proteins and gradients of proteins, M. Mayer, J. Yang, I. Gitlin, D. H. Gracias and G. M. Whitesides, Proteomics 4, 8, 2366-2376 (2004).

Significance: This is really the first time that a hydrogel based stamp was utilized to pattern proteins on a substrate. As compared to PDMS stamps, hydrogels enable stamping of "living" media.

15. Biomimetic self-assembly of a functional asymmetrical electronic device, M. Boncheva, D. H. Gracias, H. O. Jacobs and G. M. Whitesides, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) 99, 4937-4940 (2002).

Significance: This paper shows how tethered electronic devices can self-assemble in "biologically inspired" ways.

14. Fabrication of a cylindrical display by patterned assembly, H. O. Jacobs, A. R. Tao, A. Schwartz, D. H. Gracias and G. M. Whitesides, Science 296: 323-325 (2002).

Significance: It is extremely difficult to construct flexible electronic systems with high performance optoelectronic components. This paper describes the heterogeneous integration of these components with flexible substrates using self-assembly.

13. Fabrication of micrometer-scale, patterned polyhedra by self-assembly, D. H. Gracias, V. Kavthekar, C. J. Love, K. E. Paul and G. M. Whitesides, Advanced Materials 14, 235-238 (2002).

Significance: This paper shows the utility of self-assembly around a ball of solder; complex polyhedra can be formed .

12. Biomimetic self-assembly of helical electrical circuits using orthogonal capillary interactions, D. H. Gracias, M. Boncheva, O. Omoregie and G.M. Whitesides, Applied Physics Letters80, 2802-2804 (2002).

Significance: This paper is inspired by the self-assembly observed within the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). A helical assembly is demonstrated based on self-assembling blocks with two (a strong and a weak) interactions.

11. Competition of intrinsic and topographically imposed patterns in Benard-Marangoni convection, R. F. Ismagilov, D. Rosmarin, D. H. Gracias, A. D. Stroock and G. M. Whitesides, Applied Physics Letters 79, 439-441 (2001).

Significance: If you heat oil on a pan, under the right conditions, you will see that hexagonal patterns form spontaneously. But what happens if the pan has bumps? Here, we explore the influence of topographic features in specific locations on pattern formation.

10. Forming electrical networks in three dimensions by self-assembly, D. H. Gracias, J. Tien, T. L. Breen, C. Hsu and G. M. Whitesides, Science 289, 1170-1172 (2000).

Significance: Imagine tumbling electronic components in a flask of water and spontaneously forming a 3D circuit with well defined serial and parallel connectivity. You have to read the paper to believe it!!

Gracias graduate research at UC Berkeley [1994-1999]  

9. Interaction of fibrinogen with surfaces of end-group-modified polyurethanes: a surface-specific sum-frequency-generation vibrational spectroscopy study, Z. Chen, R. Ward, Y. Tian, F. Malizia, D. H. Gracias, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 62, 254-264 (2002).

Significance: This paper describes the interaction of fibrinogen with polymer implant surfaces and suggests ways to inhibit adsorption of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen adsorption is considered as a key step in blood clotting.

8. Transitions from nanoscale to microscale dynamic friction mechanisms on polyethylene and silicon surfaces, S. Niederberger, D. H. Gracias, K. Komvopoulos and G. A. Somorjai, Journal of Applied Physics 87, 3143-3150 (2000).

Significance: This paper describes the friction mechanisms measured on the same surfaces with different tools and forces ranging in size from the nano to the millinewton scale.

7. Sum frequency generation (SFG)-Surface vibrational spectroscopy studies of buried interfaces: Catalytic reaction intermediates on transition metal crystal surfaces at high reactant pressures; Polymer surface structures at the solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, Z. Chen, D. H. Gracias, and Gabor A. Somorjai,INVITED PAPER Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics 68, 3, 549-557 (1999).

Significance: A review paper describing practical applications of SFG in probing a wide range of buried interfaces.

6. Molecular characterization of polymer and polymer blend surfaces. Combined sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy studies, D. H. Gracias, Z. Chen, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Accounts of Chemical Research 32, 930-940 (1999).

Significance: A review paper discussing the utility of surface specific vibrational spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy on polymer surfaces.

5. A study of the glass transition of polypropylene surfaces by sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy, D. H. Gracias, D. Zhang, L. Lianos, W. Ibach, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Chemical Physics 245, 277-284 (1999).

Significance: This paper shows how the glass transition on a polymer surface can be measured with surface specfic vibrational spectroscopy.

4. Surface studies of polymer blends by sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle goniometry, D. Zhang, D. H. Gracias, R. Ward, M. Gauckler, Y. Tian, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Journal of Physical Chemistry B102, 6225-6230 (1998).

Significance: A detailed study of surface segregation of polymer blends using three independent methods. The applicability of the Gibbs adsorption isotherm at the interface of a polymer blend is also discussed.

3. Surface chemistry-mechanical property relationship of low density polyethylene (LDPE): An IR+visible sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) study, D. H. Gracias, D. Zhang, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Tribology Letters 4, 231-235 (1998).

Significance: Commercial polymers often have low molecular weight additives that are added to aid bulk processing. Here, we investigate how surface segregation of these additives dramatically alters their surface modulus and friction.

2. Lithographic fabrication of model systems in heterogeneous catalysis and surface science studies, M. X. Yang, D. H. Gracias, P. W. Jacobs and G. A. Somorjai, Langmuir14, 1458-1464 (1998).

Significance: This paper describes how one can lithographically pattern nanoscale catalyst particle arrays as model systems to investigate the influence of particle size and shape on catalytic properties.

1. Continuum force microscopy study of the elastic modulus, hardness and friction of polyethylene and polypropylene surfaces, D. H. Gracias and G. A. Somorjai, Macromolecules 31, 1269-1276 (1998).

Significance: This paper discusses the influence of high pressure on the measurement of mechanical properties with AFM; it describes a way to use AFMs with blunt tips to do these measurements on polymers at low pressures.

Patents

Pending

23. Reconfigurable lithographic structures, T. Leong and D. H. Gracias, Patent Application (2009).

22. A microcontainer technology for remote spatially controlled chemical delivery, H. Ye, T. Leong and D. H. Gracias, Patent Application (2007).

21. Self-assembled, micropatterned, and radio frequency (RF) shielded biocontainers, B. Gimi, Z. M. Bhujwalla and D. H. Gracias, Patent Application 20070020310 (2007). [PDF]

20. Interconnect adapted for reduced electron scattering, J. Leu, C.-I. Wu, M. Liu, K. Fischer, C.-H. Jan, D. Gracias, Patent Application 2005224980 (2005). [PDF]

Issued

19. Reducing line to line capacitance using oriented dielectric films, K. O’Brien and D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent 7518244 Granted April 14, 2009 (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent 6927180). [PDF]

18. Fabricating stacked chips using fluidic templated-assembly, D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent 7375425 Granted May 20, 2008 (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent 7018867). [PDF]

17. Method to reduce the copper line roughness for increased electrical conductivity of narrow interconnects (<100nm), D. H. Gracias and C.-I Wu , U.S. Patent 7268075 Granted Sept. 11, 2007. [PDF]

16. Slectively converted inter-layer dielectric, J. Leu, G. M. Kloster, D. H. Gracias, Lee D. Rockford, P. K. Moon and C. E. Barns, U.S. Patent No. 7239019 Granted July 3, 2007. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent 6943121). [PDF]

15. Forming thin hard mask over air gap or porous dielectric, G. Kloster, K. P. O'Brien, D. H. Gracias, H.-M. Park; Hyun-Mog and V. S. Ramachandrarao, U.S. Patent 7238604 Granted July 3, 2007. [PDF]

14. Method to increase electromigration resistance of copper using self-assembled organic thiolate monolayers, D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent 7208455 Granted April 24, 2007. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent 7175680). [PDF]

13. Method to increase electromigration resistance of copper using self-assembled organic thiolate monolayers, D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent 7205663 Granted April 17, 2007. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent No. 7175680). [PDF]

12. Replenishment of surface carbon and surface passivation of low-k porous silicon-based dielectric materials, V. S. Ramachandrarao and D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent 7179757 Granted February 20, 2007. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent No. 7005390). [PDF]

11. Method to increase electromigration resistance of copper using self-assembled organic thiolate monolayers, D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent 7175680 Granted Feb. 13, 2007. [PDF]

10. Method of forming a selectively converted inter-layer dielectric using a porogen material, G. M. Kloster, K. P. O'brien, M. D. Goodner, D. Michael, J. Leu, D. H. Gracias, L. D. Rockford, P. K. Moon and C. E. Barns, U.S. Patent 7018918 Granted March 28, 2006. [PDF].

9. Fabricating stacked chips using fluidic templated-assembly, D. H. Gracias,, U.S. Patent 7018867 Granted March 28, 2006. [PDF]

8. Self-assembled electrical networks, D. H. Gracias, J. Tien and G. M. Whitesides, , U.S. Patent 7007370 Granted March 07, 2006. [PDF]

7. Replenishment of surface carbon and surface passivation of low-k porous silicon-based dielectric materials, V. S. Ramachandrarao and D. H. Gracias, , U.S. Patent No. 7005390 Granted February 28, 2006. [PDF]

6. Adhesion of carbon doped oxides by silane coupling agents in damascene integration of microelectronic devices, D. H. Gracias and V. S. Ramachandrarao, U.S. Patent 6974762 Granted December 13, 2005. [PDF]

5. Selectively converted inter-layer dielectric, J. Leu, G. M. Kloster, D. H. Gracias, L. D. Rockford, P. K. Moon and C. E. Barns, , U.S. Patent 6943121 Granted September 13, 2005. [PDF]

4. Reducing line to line capacitance using oriented dielectric films, K. O'Brien and D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent 6927180 Granted August 9, 2005. [PDF]

3. Protecting metal conductors with sacrificial organic monolayers, D. H. Gracias, G. Kloster, U.S. Patent 6905958 Granted June 14, 2005. [PDF]

2. Method to increase electromigration resistance of copper using self assembled organic thiolate monolayers, D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent 6858527 Granted February 22, 2005. [PDF]

1. Method for controlling etch bias of carbon doped oxide films, D. H. Gracias, H-M. Park and V. S. Ramachandrarao, U.S. Patent 6620741 Granted September 16, 2003. [PDF]

Peer Reviewed Conference Proceedings

10. A Facile Method for Patterning Substrates with Zinc Oxide Nanowires J.-H. Cho, E. Cha and D. H. Gracias in Functional Metal-Oxide Nanostructures, edited by J. Wu, W. Han, A. Janotti, H-C. Kim; Materials Research Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 1174, San Francisco , CA , 2009.

9. Tetherless, 3D, Micro-Nanoscale Tools and Devices for Lab on a Chip Applications D. H. Gracias in Materials and Strategies for Lab-on-a-Chip-Biological Analysis, Cell-Material Interfaces and Fluidic Assembly of Nanostructures, edited by S. Murthy, S. Khan, V. Ugaz and H. Zeringue; Materials Research Symposium Proceedings, Volume 1191, San Francisco , CA , 2009.

8. Scanning surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of chemical agent simulants on templated Au-Ag nanowire substrates J. A. Hoffmann, J. A. Miragliotta, J. Wang, P. Tyagi, T. Maddanimath, D. H. Gracias, S. J. Papadakis, Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol 7318, 73180D (2009).

7. Biocompatibility characterization of 3D microcontainers for cell encapsulation therapy,C. Randall, T. Leong, S. Singh and D. H. Gracias, 1st IEEE Conference on Nanomedicine, Macau Aug (2007).

6. Chip-Scale Magnetic Sensing and Control of Nanoparticles and Nanorods E. Choi, Z. Gu, D. Gracias, A. Andreou, 18th IEEE Conference on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Greece May 21-24 (2006).

5. Microfabrication and self-assembly of 3D microboxes for biomedical applications, T. Leong, H. Ye, E. Call, B. Gimi, Z. Bhujwalla and D. H. Gracias, , 19th IEEE International Conference on Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS), Istanbul, Jan 22-26, 502-505 (2006).

4. Scanning surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of silver nanowires S. J. Papadakis, J. A. Miragliotta, Z. Gu, D. H. Gracias, Proceedings of the SPIE, 5927, 337-344 (2005).

3. Forming low resistance nano-scale contacts using solder reflow H. Ye, Z. Gu, T. Yu, A. Bernfeld, T. Leong, and D. H. Gracias, Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, Nagoya, July 11-15, vol. 2, 561-564 (2005).

2. Interfacial adhesion of thin-film patterned interconnect structures C. Litteken, R. Dauskardt, T. Scherban, G. Xu, J. Leu, D. Gracias, B. Sun, Proceedings of the IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference, June 2-4, 168-170 (2003).

1. Correlation of structure and mechanical properties of polyolefin surfaces by IR + visible sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy,D. H. Gracias, D. Zhang, Y. R. Shen, G. A. Somorjai, in Fundamentals of Nanoindentation and Nanotribology, edited by N.R. Moody, W.W. Gerberich, S.P. Baker, N. Burnham; Materials Research Symposium Proceedings, Volume 522, Warrendale , PA , 1998.

Book Chapters

5. "Spatiotemporally controlled nanoliter scale reconfigurable microfluidics", M. D. Genauldi and D. H. Gracias, in Microfluidic Devices in Nanotechnology: Current Status and Future Perspective, editor Challa Kumar, Wiley (2009), in press.

4. "Lithographically-structured, biologically-inspired, gripping devices", Charles Chin, Tim Leong and D. H. Gracias, in Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, editor Yong Zhou, Nova Publishers (2009), in press.

3. "3D lithographically structured self-assembled biomedical devices", Noy Bassik and D. H. Gracias, in Nanomedicine Materials, Devices, and Systems, editors Mark J. Schulz and Vesselin N. Shanov, Artech House Publishers; 1st edition, 2009.

2. "Nanowire assembly and integration", Z. Gu and D. H. Gracias, in Nanofabrication: Fundamentals and Applications, A. Tseng, Ed., World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 2008, chapter 6, pages 187-212.

1. "Meso-scale self-assembly", D. H. Gracias, I. Choi, M. Weck and G. M. Whitesides, in Algorithmic and Computational Robotics, New Directions, Editors B. R. Donald, K. M. Lynch and D. Rus., A. K. Peters, Ltd., 2001, pages 1-7.