PUBLICATIONS (Total: 82)
(Summary: 48 journal papers, 19 issued patents, 10 peer reviewed conference proceedings, 5 book chapters)
Journal Publications
Published at JHU [Sept 2003- present] (32)
48. Hierarchical self-assembly of complex polyhedral microcontainers, D. J. Filipiak, A. Azam, T. G. Leong, D. H. Gracias, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 19, 075012, 6 pp (2009).
Significance: We demonstrate self-assembly of dodecahedral and octahedral containers as well as those with encapsulated cargo in a parallel manner. It is intriguing that many viruses have these complex polyhedral shapes but they have not previously been self-assembled in human engineering. For drug delivery applications, dodecahedral containers are less likely to get stuck and are more streamlined.
47. Self-assembly based on chromium / copper bilayers, P. Tyagi, N. Bassik, T. G. Leong, J. H. Cho, B. R. Benson and D. H. Gracias, IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechancial Systems (JMEMS) (2009) accepted.
Significance:
46. Tetherless thermobiochemically actuated microgrippers, T. G. Leong, C. L. Randall, B. R. Benson, N. Bassik, G. M. Stern and D. H. Gracias, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) 106, 703-708 (2009) [Video] [Editor's Choice: "Get a grip", Science 323, 5914 (2009) ; Also featured in The New York Times, Forbes, National Geographic, Discover, Scientific American, IEEE Spectrum, ACS C&E News, ASME Mech Eng Mag, Popular Science, Popular Mechanics etc; select news articles under press links].
Significance: The inspirational physicist Richard Feynman once said, “A friend of mine (Albert R. Hibbs) suggests a very interesting possibility for relatively small machines. He says that, although it is a very wild idea, it would be interesting in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon". As a step towards achieving this goal, we describe tethereless microgrippers (no wires or strings attached.....really!!) that were used to perform in vitro biopsies of tissue bovine bladders in narrow capillary tubes. The videos are a MUST see.
45. Compactness determines the success of cube and octahedron self-assembly, A. Azam, T. G. Leong, A. M. Zarafshar and D.H. Gracias PLoS One 4, 2, e4451 (2009). Open access: [PDF].
Significance: Self-assembly is emerging as a powerful engineering strategy; however the rules that govern a priori design, yield and defect tolerance remain unknown. This is the first model experimental study in which the influence of geometry on the success (yield and defect tolerance) of a self-assembling system has been systematically studied. Based on our findings, we postulate that maximizing "compactness" is very important to designing successful self-assembling systems.
44. Self assembly of three dimensional nanoporous containers, J. Wang, M. Patel and D. H. Gracias, Nano 4, 1, 1-5 (2009) [Featured on the Cover].
Significance: We describe a strategy to construct 3D cubic containers with nanoscale wall porosity. Three dimensional devices with nanoporous side walls facilitate a higher exposed surface area (enabling greater interaction with the surrounding medium) and can encapsulate cells and other chemicals for cell based therapies molecular separations and drug delivery.
43. Size selective sampling using mobile, three-dimensional nanoporous membranes, C. L. Randall, A. Gillespie, S. Singh, T. G. Leong and D. H. Gracias, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 393,1217-1224 (2009).
Significance: Separations are commonly achieved by moving a liquid sample through a 2D membrane. Here, we explore the size selective sampling of beads and live cells by moving nanoporous, 3D membranes through a liquid sample. You can think of these 3D membranes as miniaturized mimics of fishing or butterfly nets. We believe that the development of such systems are a step towards the creation of autonomous tools for separation in extremely small volumes, in hard to reach spaces with no sample loss.
42. Pick-and-place using chemically actuated microgrippers, J. S. Randhawa, T. G. Leong, N. Bassik, B. R. Benson, M. T. Jochmans and D.H. Gracias, Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) 130, 51, 7238-7239 (2008). Open access: [PDF] [Video]
Significance: In contrast to Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) devices, in this paper we introduce the concept of Micro Chemo Mechanical System (MCMS). Here, microgrippers are closed and opened in response to chemicals (as opposed to electrical or pneumatic signals) and used to pick and place microbeads and tubes. Chemical actuation is intellectually intriguing since it enables the high selectivity, sensitivity and autonomy observed in biological machines.
41. Patterning thin film mechanical properties to drive assembly of complex 3D structures, N. Bassik, G. M. Stern, M. Jamal and D. H. Gracias, Advanced Materials 20, 4760-4764 (2008).
Significance: It is well known that homogeneous sheets of thin films roll up into cylinders when released from the underlying substrate. In contrast, here, we explore how thin (metal / polymer) sheets with inhomogeneous moduli and stress spontaneously self-assemble into coils, spirals, orthogonal and diagonal cylinders. The assembly is highly parallel and allows the construction of very complex patterned and curved 3D structures for applications in optics, microelectronics and cell culture.
40. Self-loading lithographically structured microcontainers: 3D patterned, mobile microwells, T. G. Leong, C. L. Randall, B. R. Benson, A.M. Zarafshar and D. H. Gracias, Lab Chip 8,1621-1624 (2008).[Featured on the Cover].
Significance: There are many molecular self-loading systems like vesicles and liposomes that load chemicals and drugs while they self-assemble. Here, we describe human engineered analogs i.e. self-loading metallic containers with precisely patterned porosity. We argue that these containers with encapsulated beads and cells represent "3D microwells", and enable new functionality for in vitro assays and in vivo diagnostics/therapeutics.
39.Solvent driven motion of lithographically fabricated gels, N. Bassik, B. Abebe and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 24, 21, 12158-12163 (2008).
Significance: It is extremely challenging to propel microstructures in fluids without some form of external power. Here, we describe autonomous movement of microstructures by the Marangoni effect. This solvent powered motion is a clean, quiet and reusable source of motive power, with no need for on-board wiring or batteries. We show how the type of motion such as translation, precession and rotation can be controlled; we also demonstrate how lithographically structured microdevices can be moved at high speeds up to 31 cm/s and 3529 rpm.
38. Thin film stress driven self-folding of microstructured containers, T. G. Leong, B. R. Benson, E. K. Call, and D. H. Gracias, Small 4, 10,1605-1609 (2008) [Research Highlight: "Thin Films: Boxing Clever", Nature Nanotechnology Aug 29, 2008].
Significance: We describe a strategy to self-assemble 3D polyhedral containers using stressed thin film hinges. Self-assembly can be triggered on-demand, in water, and under biologically relevant conditions.
37. Self-assembly of orthogonal 3-axis sensors, J. H. Cho, S. Hu and D. H. Gracias, Applied Physics Letters 93, 4, 043505/1-043505/3 (2008).
Significance: Present day sensors are inherently two dimensional, making it difficult to get angular and orientation information during the measuring of an analyte. Here, we describe a simple strategy to package sensors in 3D so that the measurement of a physical or chemical quantity can easily be achieved along each of the three orthogonal (x, y, and z) axes.
36. Concentric ring pattern formation in heated chromium-gold thin films on silicon, J. S. Randhawa, A. Bernfeld, M. Keung, A. A. Volinsky and D. H. Gracias, Applied Physics Letters 92, 21, 211907/1-211907/3 (2008).
Significance: We describe an intriguing observation of patterns that are formed spontaneously during the thermal annealing of Au-Cr-Si thin films. These patterns are especially interesting since they are formed by simply heating the film stack on a hot plate in air. This system represents an interesting and previously unobserved complex reaction-diffusion system for the investigation of pattern formation. Additionaly, the patterns formed on heating may be an important factor in determining the reliability of microelectronic devices that often utilize this thin film stack to make interconnects.
35. Reconfigurable microfluidics with metallic containers, J.-R. Park, D. Slanac, T. Leong, H. Ye, D. Nelson and D. H. Gracias, IEEE/ASME Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems (JMEMS) 17, 2, 265-271 (2008).
Significance: Conventional microfluidics utilizes pre-fabricated chips with channels etched within. Here, we describe spatial and temporal control over nanoliter scale chemistry using metallic containers. Much like macroscale chemistry with beakers, microscale chemistry can be done wherever and whenever necessary.
34. Hyperthermia with magnetic nanowires for inactivating living cells, D. Choi, J. Park, S. Kim, D. H. Gracias, M. Cho, Y. Kim, A. Fung, S. Lee, Y. Chen, S. Khanal, S. Baral, and J. Kim, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, 1-5 (2008).
Significance: Here, we demonstrate remote heating of cells (to kill them) by coupling an RF field to magnetic nanowires internalized within the cells. In contrast to heating spherical nanoparticles, anisotropic rod shaped particles (nanowires) have highly anisotropic magnetic properties, enabling cells to be killed at much lower power wattage, thereby allowing one to kill specific cells while minimizing the damage to surrounding tissue.
33. On the tracks of carrier transport, D.Gracias, Nature Photonics 1, 10, 570-571 (2007).
Significance: The news and views article highlights SHG imaging of OFETs. Here, the utility of non-linear optics (SHG and SFG) to probe buried interfaces in organic field effect transistors (OFETs) is summarized.
32. MRI of regular-shaped cell-encapsulating polyhedral microcontainers, B. Gimi, D. Artemov, T. Leong, D. H. Gracias and Z. Bhujwalla, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 58, 1283-1287(2007).
Significance: Monitoring therapeutic cells after implantation would enable the early determination of implant rejection or failure in cell encapsulation therapy. This paper discusses the details of MRI imaging of cell encapsulating polyhedral microcontainers.
31.3D lithographically fabricated nanoliter containers for drug delivery, C. L. Randall, T. G. Leong, N. Bassik and D. H. Gracias, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59, 15, 1547-1561 (2007). [Featured on the Cover].
Significance: A review paper describing the need and use of "3D" lithographically structured biomedical devices as opposed to "2D" ones.
30. Correlations between electrical properties and SFG spectra of organic field effect transistors, H. Ye, J. Huang, J.-R. Park, H. Katz and D. H. Gracias, Journal of Physical Chemistry-C 111, 35, 13250-13255 (2007).
Significance: In this paper, we show how a thin film multilayer non-linear optical interference model can be used to extract molecular structure from buried interfaces in organic field effect transistors; we observe remarkable correlations between these molecular spectral signatures and the electrical properties of the transistors.
29. Surface tension driven self-folding polyhedra, T. Leong, P. Lester, T. Koh, E. Call and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 23 (17), 8747-8751 (2007). [Featured on the Cover].
Significance: It is extremely challenging to construct miniaturized structures and devices that are patterned in all three dimensions in a cost effective manner. This paper will tell you how to fabricate lithographically patterned polyhedra by self-assembly. Using finite element simulations, we also show that the process can be applied across length scales from the millimeter down to the nanometer.
28. Remote radio frequency controlled nanoliter chemistry and chemical delivery on substrates, H. Ye, C. Randall, T. Leong, D. Slanac, E. Call and D. H. Gracias, Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 46, 4991-4994 (2007). [Research Highlight: "Loaded Dice", Nature Physics 3, 443 (2007)].
Significance: We demonstrate on-demand spatio-temporally chemistry and chemical delivery at the push of a button.
27. Cell viability and non-invasive MRI tracking of 3D cell encapsulating self-assembled microcontainers, B. Gimi, D. Artemov, T. Leong, D. H. Gracias, W. Gilson, M. Stuber and Z. M. Bhujwalla, Cell Transplantion 16, 4, 403-408 (2007).
Significance: This paper demonstrates in vivo viability and MR imaging of lithographically structured 3D self-assembled polyhedral cell encapsulants.
26. Three dimensional electrically interconnected nanowire networks formed by diffusion bonding, Z. Gu, H. Ye, A. Bernfeld, K. J. T. Livi, and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 23, 3, 979-982 (2007).
Significance: Three dimensional nanowire networks allow the possibility for 3D sensing and computation. This paper demonstrates how 3D random nanowire can be self-assembled from the bottom up. We also demonstrate how gold based diffusion bonding can be extended to lower (and more practical) temperatures.
25. Spatially controlled chemistry using remotely guided nanoliter scale containers, T. Leong, Z. Gu, T. Koh and D. H. Gracias, Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) 128 (35) 11336-11337 (2006). [Research Highlight: "Self-folding delivery boxes", Science 313 (5790) 1032-1033 (2006); "Microscale Origami", Science 313 (5791) 1205 (2006); "Metallic Microcontainers", Lab Chip 6,1402-1403 (2006); "Nanoliter containers for controlled chemical reactions", Analytical Chemistry 78 ,7356, (2006)].
Significance: This paper describes nanoliter scale chemistry with high spatial control. We show how containers with varied porosity can enable chemistry and chemical delivery with different spatial profiles.
24. Dielectrophoretic assembly of reversible and irreversible metal nanowire networks and verticaly aligned arrays, S. J. Papadakis, Z. Gu and D. H. Gracias, Applied Physics Letters 88, 23, 233118/1-233118/3 (2006).
Significance: This paper describes a strategy to integrate arrays of nanowires with microscale bond pads in a reversible or irreversible manner. We also demonstrate an easy way to get nanowires to "stand-up" and form vertically aligned arrays.
23. Probing Organic Field Effect Transistors In-Situ During Operation Using SFG, H. Ye, A. Abu-Akeel, J.Huang, H. E. Katz and D. H. Gracias, Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) 128, 20, 6528-6529 (2006).
Significance: Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs) are a fundamental building block of organic electronic devices. The critical part of an organic transistor lies at the organic semiconductor / dielectric interface which buried; hence extremely difficult to probe. Here, we demonstrate how this buried interface can be investigated in situ during the operation of the transistor. Remarkable correlations were observed between the molecular structure of the organic semiconductor and its electrical properties.
22. Kinetics of ultraviolet and plasma surface modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) probed by sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy, H. Ye, Z. Gu and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 22, 4, 1863-1868 (2006).
Significance: The hydrophobic surface of the polymer PDMS is often made hydrophilic by exposing it to a plasma, UV or ozone environment. In this paper we measure the changes in the molecular interfacial structure on exposure to these environments. This paper also gives kinetic curves that will allow one to control the extent of hydrophilicity in the polymer by surface modification.
21. Integrating nanowires with substrates using directed assembly and nanoscale soldering, H. Ye, Z. Gu, T.Yu and D. H. Gracias, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 5, 1, 62-66 (2006).
Significance: This is the first paper that explores the integration of nanoparticles with microscale contact pads using nanoscale solder thin films.
20.Reflow and electrical characteristics of nanoscale solder, Z. Gu, H. Ye, D. Smirnova, D. Small and D. H. Gracias, Small 2, 2, 225-229 (2006).
Significance: This is the first paper that explores the utility of solder in making electrical connections between particles on the nanoscale.
19.The bonding of nanowire assemblies using adhesives and solder, Z. Gu, H. Ye and D. H. Gracias, The Journal Of The Minerals Metals & Materials Society (JOM) 57, 12, 60-64 (2005) [Invited Paper].
Significance: A review paper on surface tension driven self-assembly (allowing permanent bonding) of nanowires using adhesives and solder.
18. Self-assembled three dimensional radio frequency (RF) shielded containers for cell encapsulation, B. Gimi, T. Leong, Z. Gu, M.Yang, D. Artemov, Z. M. Bhujwalla and D. H. Gracias, Biomedical Microdevices 7 (4) 341-345 (2005). [Also featured in the Washington Times, EE Times, Discovery Channel etc; select news articles under press links].
Significance: This paper demonstrates the self-assembly of self-assembled lithographically structured, micro "Faraday cages" and their utility in cell encapsulation.
17. Surface tension driven self-assembly of bundles and networks of 200 nm diameter rods using a polymerizable adhesive, Z. Gu, Y. Chen and D. H. Gracias, Langmuir 20 (26) 11308-11311 (2004).
Significance: This paper demonstrates "permanent" surface tension driven assembly using anisotropic particles on the 200 nm length scale.
Published Pre-JHU; Post-doctoral research at Harvard [1999-2001] (7)
16. Micropatterned agarose gels for stamping arrays of proteins and gradients of proteins, M. Mayer, J. Yang, I. Gitlin, D. H. Gracias and G. M. Whitesides, Proteomics 4, 8, 2366-2376 (2004).
Significance: This is really the first time that gel based stamping was demonstrated. Gels (since they are wet) enable stamping of "living" media.
15. Biomimetic self-assembly of a functional asymmetrical electronic device, M. Mayer, J. Yang, I. Gitlin, D. H. Gracias and G. M. Whitesides, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) 99, 4937-4940 (2002).
Significance: This paper shows how tethered electronic devices can self-assemble in "biologically inspired" ways.
14. Fabrication of a cylindrical display by patterned assembly, H. O. Jacobs, A. R. Tao, A. Schwartz, D. H. Gracias and G. M. Whitesides, Science 296: 323-325 (2002).
Significance: It is extremely difficult to construct flexible electronic systems since conventionaly optoelectronic components require high temperature processing. This paper describes a strategy to integrate silicon/GaAs based rigid components with flexible substrates using self-assembly.
13. Fabrication of micrometer-scale, patterned polyhedra by self-assembly, D. H. Gracias, V. Kavthekar, C. J. Love, K. E. Paul and G. M. Whitesides, Advanced Materials 14, 235-238 (2002).
Significance: This paper shows the utility of self-assembly around a ball of solder; complex polyhedra can be formed .
12. Biomimetic self-assembly of helical electrical circuits using orthogonal capillary interactions, D. H. Gracias, M. Boncheva, O. Omoregie and G.M. Whitesides, Applied Physics Letters 80, 2802-2804 (2002).
Significance: This paper is inspired by the self-assembly observed within the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). A helical assembly is demonstrated based on self-assembling blocks with two (a strong and a weak) interactions.
11. Competition of intrinsic and topographically imposed patterns in Benard-Marangoni convection, R. F. Ismagilov, D. Rosmarin, D. H. Gracias, A. D. Stroock and G. M. Whitesides, Applied Physics Letters 79, 439-441 (2001).
Significance: If you heat oil on a pan, under the right conditions, you will see hexagonal patterns form spontaneously. But what happens if the pan has bumps? Here, we explore the influence of topographic features in specific locations on pattern formation.
10. Forming electrical networks in three dimensions by self-assembly, D. H. Gracias, J. Tien, T. L. Breen, C. Hsu and G. M. Whitesides, Science 289, 1170-1172 (2000).
Significance: This paper describes the FIRST demonstration of the possibility of forming complex, 3D, electronic circuits with both serial and parallel connectivity by merely tumbling electronic components in a flask of hot water. You have to read the paper to believe it!
Published Pre-JHU; Graduate Research at UC Berkeley [1994-1999] (9)
9. Interaction of fibrinogen with surfaces of end-group-modified polyurethanes: a surface-specific sum-frequency-generation vibrational spectroscopy study, Z. Chen, R. Ward, Y. Tian, F. Malizia, D. H. Gracias, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 62, 254-264 (2002).
Significance: This paper describes the interaction of fibrinogen with polymer implant surfaces and suggests ways to inhibit adsorption of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen adsorption is considered as a key step in blood clotting.
8. Transitions from nanoscale to microscale dynamic friction mechanisms on polyethylene and silicon surfaces, S. Niederberger, D. H. Gracias, K. Komvopoulos and G. A. Somorjai, Journal of Applied Physics 87, 3143-3150 (2000).
Significance: This paper describes the friction mechanisms measured on the same surfaces with different tools and forces ranging in size from the nano to the millinewton scale.
7. Sum frequency generation (SFG)-Surface vibrational spectroscopy studies of buried interfaces: Catalytic reaction intermediates on transition metal crystal surfaces at high reactant pressures; Polymer surface structures at the solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, Z. Chen, D. H. Gracias, and Gabor A. Somorjai, INVITED PAPER Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics 68, 3, 549-557 (1999).
Significance: A review paper describing practical applications of SFG in probing a wide range of buried interfaces.
6. Molecular characterization of polymer and polymer blend surfaces. Combined sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy studies, D. H. Gracias, Z. Chen, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Accounts of Chemical Research 32, 930-940 (1999).
Significance: A review paper discussing the utility of surface specific vibrational spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy on polymer surfaces.
5. A study of the glass transition of polypropylene surfaces by sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy, D. H. Gracias, D. Zhang, L. Lianos, W. Ibach, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Chemical Physics 245, 277-284 (1999).
Significance: This paper shows how the glass transition on a polymer surface can be measured with surface specfic vibrational spectroscopy.
4. Surface studies of polymer blends by sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle goniometry, D. Zhang, D. H. Gracias, R. Ward, M. Gauckler, Y. Tian, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102, 6225-6230 (1998).
Significance: A detailed study of surface segregation of polymer blends using three independent methods. The applicability of the Gibbs adsorption isotherm at the interface of a polymer blend is also discussed.
3. Surface chemistry-mechanical property relationship of low density polyethylene (LDPE): An IR+visible sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) study, D. H. Gracias, D. Zhang, Y. R. Shen and G. A. Somorjai, Tribology Letters 4, 231-235 (1998).
Significance: Commercial polymers often have low molecular weight additives that are added to aid bulk processing. Here, we investigate how surface segregation of these additives dramatically alters their surface modulus and friction.
2. Lithographic fabrication of model systems in heterogeneous catalysis and surface science studies, M. X. Yang, D. H. Gracias, P. W. Jacobs and G. A. Somorjai, Langmuir 14, 1458-1464 (1998).
Significance: This paper describes how one can lithographically pattern nanoscale catalyst particle arrays as model systems to investigate the influence of particle size and shape on catalytic properties.
1. Continuum force microscopy study of the elastic modulus, hardness and friction of polyethylene and polypropylene surfaces, D. H. Gracias and G. A. Somorjai, Macromolecules 31, 1269-1276 (1998).
Significance: This paper discusses the influence of high pressure on the measurement of mechanical properties; it describes a way to use AFMs with blunt tips to do such measurements at low pressures.
Patents
Filed at JHU [Sept 2003- present] (3)
22. "Reconfigurable lithographic structures", T. Leong and D. H. Gracias, Patent Application (2008).
21. "A microcontainer technology for remote spatially controlled chemical delivery", H. Ye, T. Leong and D. H. Gracias, Patent Application (2007).
20. "Self-assembled, micropatterned, and radio frequency (RF) shielded biocontainers", B. Gimi, Z. M. Bhujwalla and D. H. Gracias, Patent Application 20070020310 (2007). [PDF]
Issued Patents (19)
19. "Reducing line to line capacitance using oriented dielectric films", K. O’Brien and D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent No. 7518244 Granted April 14, 2009. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent No. 6927180). [PDF]
18. "Fabricating stacked chips using fluidic templated-assembly", D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent No. 7375425 Granted May 20, 2008. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent No. 7018867). [PDF]
17. "Method to reduce the copper line roughness for increased electrical conductivity of narrow interconnects (<100nm)", D. H. Gracias and C.-I Wu, U.S. Patent No. 7268075 Granted Sept. 11, 2007. [PDF]
16 "Slectively converted inter-layer dielectric", J. Leu, G. M. Kloster, David H. Gracias, Lee D. Rockford, Peter K. Moon and Chris E. Barns, U.S. Patent No. 7239019 Granted July 3, 2007. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent No. 6943121). [PDF]
15 "Forming thin hard mask over air gap or porous dielectric", G. Kloster, K. P. O'Brien, D. H. Gracias, H.-M. Park; Hyun-Mog and V. S. Ramachandrarao, U.S. Patent No. 7238604 Granted July 3, 2007. [PDF]
14. "Method to increase electromigration resistance of copper using self-assembled organic thiolate monolayers", D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent No. 7208455 Granted April 24, 2007. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent No. 7175680). [PDF]
13. "Method to increase electromigration resistance of copper using self-assembled organic thiolate monolayers", D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent No. 7205663 Granted April 17, 2007. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent No. 7175680). [PDF]
12. "Replenishment of surface carbon and surface passivation of low-k porous silicon-based dielectric materials", V. S. Ramachandrarao and D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent No. 7179757 Granted February 20, 2007. (Divisional Application of U.S. Patent No. 7005390). [PDF]
11. "Method to increase electromigration resistance of copper using self-assembled organic thiolate monolayers" , D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent No. 7175680 Granted February 13, 2007. [PDF]
10. "Method of forming a selectively converted inter-layer dielectric using a porogen material", G. M. Kloster, K. P. O'brien, M. D. Goodner, D. Michael, J. Leu, D. H. Gracias, L. D. Rockford, P. K. Moon and C. E. Barns, U.S. Patent No. 7018918 Granted March 28, 2006. [PDF].
9. "Fabricating stacked chips using fluidic templated-assembly", D. H. Gracias,, U.S. Patent No. 7018867 Granted March 28, 2006. [PDF]
8. "Self-assembled electrical networks", D. H. Gracias, J. Tien and G. M. Whitesides, , U.S. Patent No. 7007370 Granted March 07, 2006. [PDF]
7. "Replenishment of surface carbon and surface passivation of low-k porous silicon-based dielectric materials", V. S. Ramachandrarao and D. H. Gracias, , U.S. Patent No. 7005390 Granted February 28, 2006. [PDF]
6. "Adhesion of carbon doped oxides by silane coupling agents in damascene integration of microelectronic devices", D. H. Gracias and V. S. Ramachandrarao, U.S. Patent No. 6974762 Granted December 13, 2005. [PDF]
5. "Selectively converted inter-layer dielectric", J. Leu, G. M. Kloster, D. H. Gracias, L. D. Rockford, P. K. Moon and C. E. Barns, , U.S. Patent No. 6943121 Granted September 13, 2005. [PDF]
4. "Reducing line to line capacitance using oriented dielectric films", K. O'Brien and D. H. Gracias, U.S. Patent No. 6927180 Granted August 9, 2005. [PDF]
3. "Protecting metal conductors with sacrificial organic monolayers", D. H. Gracias, G. Kloster,, U.S. Patent No. 6905958 Granted June 14, 2005. [PDF]
2. "Method to increase electromigration resistance of copper using self assembled organic thiolate monolayers", D. H. Gracias, , U.S. Patent No. 6858527 Granted February 22, 2005. [PDF]
1. "Method for controlling etch bias of carbon doped oxide films", D. H. Gracias, H-M. Park and V. S. Ramachandrarao, U.S. Patent No. 6620741 Granted September 16, 2003. [PDF]
Peer-Reviewed Conference Proceedings
10. A Facile Method for Patterning Substrates with Zinc Oxide Nanowires, J.-H. Cho, E. Cha and D. H. Gracias in Functional Metal-Oxide Nanostructures, edited by J. Wu, W. Han, A. Janotti, H-C. Kim (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Volume 1174, San Francisco, CA, 2009)
9. Tetherless, 3D, Micro-Nanoscale Tools and Devices for Lab on a Chip Applications, D. H. Gracias in Materials and Strategies for Lab-on-a-Chip-Biological Analysis, Cell-Material Interfaces and Fluidic Assembly of Nanostructures, edited by S. Murthy, S. Khan, V. Ugaz and H. Zeringue (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Volume 1191, San Francisco, CA, 2009)
8. Scanning surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of chemical agent simulants on templated Au-Ag nanowire substrates, J. A. Hoffmann, J. A. Miragliotta, J. Wang, P. Tyagi, D. H. Gracias and S. J. Papadakis, SPIE-Defense, Security and Sensing, Orlando, Florida, April (2009).
7. Biocompatibility characterization of 3D microcontainers for cell encapsulation therapy, C. Randall, T. Leong, S. Singh and D. H. Gracias,1st IEEE Conference on Nanomedicine, Macau, Aug (2007).
6. Chip-Scale Magnetic Sensing and Control of Nanoparticles and Nanorods, E. Choi, Z. Gu, D. Gracias, A. Andreou, 18th IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Greece, May 21-24 (2006).
5. Microfabrication and self-assembly of 3D microboxes for biomedical applications, T. Leong, H. Ye, E. Call, B. Gimi, Z. Bhujwalla and D. H. Gracias,19th IEEE International Conference on Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS), Istanbul, Jan 22-26, 502-505 (2006).
4. Scanning surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of silver nanowires, S. J. Papadakis, J. A. Miragliotta, Z. Gu, D. H. Gracias, Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering 5927, 337-344 (2005).
3. Forming low resistance nano-scale contacts using solder reflow, H. Ye, Z. Gu, T. Yu, A. Bernfeld, T. Leong, and D. H. Gracias, Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology, Nagoya, July 11-15, vol. 2, 561-564 (2005).
2. Interfacial adhesion of thin-film patterned interconnect structures, C. Litteken, R. Dauskardt, T. Scherban, G. Xu, J. Leu, D. Gracias, B. Sun, Proceedings of the IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference, June 2-4, 168-170 (2003).
1. Correlation of structure and mechanical properties of polyolefin surfaces by IR + visible sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, D. H. Gracias, D. Zhang, Y. R. Shen, G. A. Somorjai, in Fundamentals of Nanoindentation and Nanotribology, edited by N.R. Moody, W.W. Gerberich, S.P. Baker, N. Burnham (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Volume 522, Warrendale, PA, 1998)
Book Chapters
5."Spatiotemporally controlled nanoliter scale reconfigurable microfluidics", M. D. Genauldi and D. H. Gracias, in Microfluidic Devices in Nanotechnology: Current Status and Future Perspective, editor Challa Kumar, Wiley (2009), Invited book chapter, under review.
4."Lithographically-structured, biologically-inspired, gripping devices", Charles Chin, Tim Leong and D. H. Gracias, in Bio-inspired Nanoscience, editor Yong Zhou, Nova Publishers (2009), Invited book chapter, in press.
3."3D lithographically structured self-assembled biomedical devices", Noy Bassik and D. H. Gracias, in Nanomedicine Science and Engineering: Design of Capsules, Motors, Implants, Robots & Devices, editor Mark Schulz, Artech House (2008), Invited book chapter in press.
2."Nanowire assembly and integration", Z. Gu and D. H. Gracias, in Nanofabrication: Fundamentals and Applications, A. Tseng, Ed., World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 2008, Chapter 6, pages 187-212.
1. "Meso-scale self-assembly", D. H. Gracias, I. Choi, M. Weck and G. M. Whitesides, in Algorithmic and Computational Robotics, New Directions, Editors B. R. Donald, K. M. Lynch and D. Rus., A. K. Peters, Ltd. (2001) pages 1-7.
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