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Agents and methods of euthanasia by species (1)
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Species
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Acceptable(2)
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Conditionally
acceptable(3)
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| Amphibians |
Barbiturates, inhalant anesthetics
(in appropriate species), CO2(4), CO, tricaine methane
sulfonate (TMS, MS222), benzocaine hydrochloride, double pithing |
Decapitation(5)
and pithing, stunning and decapitation |
| Birds |
Barbiturates, inhalant anesthetics,
CO2, CO |
N2, Ar, cervical
dislocation, decapitation |
| Cats |
Barbiturates, inhalant anesthetics,
CO2, CO, potassium chloride in conjunction with general anesthesia |
N2, Ar |
| Dogs |
Barbiturates, inhalant anesthetics,
CO2, CO, potassium chloride in conjunction with general anesthesia |
N2, Ar |
| Fish |
Barbiturates, inhalant anesthetics,
CO2, tricaine methane sulfonate (TMS, MS 222), benzocaine
hydrochloride, 2-phenoxyethanol |
Decapitation and
pithing, stunning and decapitation/pithing |
| Nonhuman primates |
Barbiturates |
Inhalant anesthetics,
CO2, CO, N2, Ar |
| Rabbits |
Barbiturates, inhalant anesthetics,
CO2, CO, potassium chloride in conjunction with general anesthesia |
N2, Ar, cervical
dislocation (< 1 kg), decapitation |
| Reptiles |
Barbiturates, inhalant anesthetics
(in appropriate species), CO2 (in appropriate species) |
Decapitation and
pithing, stunning and decapitation |
| Rodents and other
small mammals |
Barbiturates, inhalant anesthetics,
CO2, CO, potassium chloride in conjunction with general anesthesia |
Methoxyflurane,
ether, N2, Ar, cervical dislocation (rats <200 g), decapitation |
| Ruminants |
Barbiturates, potassium chloride
in conjunction with general anesthesia |
Chloral hydrate
(IV, after sedation) |
| Swine |
Barbiturates, CO2,
potassium chloride in conjunction with general anesthesia |
Inhalant anesthetics,
CO, chloral hydrate (IV, after sedation) |
Inhalant anesthetic agents: For safety of personnel inhalant
anesthetic agents must be properly scavenged.
Ether is explosive and must be used in a chemical fume hood.
Carcasses of animals euthanized using ether must be allowed to
aerate for a sufficient time before disposing them off by incineration.
Use of ether is governed by Health, Safety and Environment policy
numbers HSE 402, 705 and 803, published in the Johns Hopkins Safety
Manual (http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hse/manuals.htm).
1. Modified from 2000 Report of the AVMA Panel
on Euthanasia. JAVMA, Vol 218, No 5, March 1, 2001.
2. Acceptable methods consistently produce humane death when used
as the sole means of euthanasia.
3. Must be scientifically justified and approved by the IACUC.
4. Compressed (bottled) gas cylinder is the only approved source.
5. Individuals using guillotines for decapitation should ensure
that the equipment is functioning properly
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Hopkins University and Health System
720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
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